Differentiating Sources of Fecal Contamination to Wilderness Waters Using Droplet Digital PCR and Fecal Indicator Bacteria Methods

IntroductionHuman activity in wilderness areas has the potential to affect aquatic ecosystems, including through introduction of microorganisms associated with fecal contamination. We examined microorganism contamination water sources (lake outlets, snowmelt streams) popular Absaroka Beartooth Wilderness United States. Although region is remote, increasing human visitation negatively quality, particular concern about human-derived contaminants.MethodsWe used standard indicator bacterial assays that quantified total coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli concentrations, together more specific polymerase chain reaction-based microbial identified possible these waters.ResultsTotal coliforms were detected at all lake outlets (21 21 sites), E was 11 sites. Droplet digital reaction revealed presence feces-derived microorganisms, albeit abundances below limit detection (<10 gene copies per milliliter water) but 1 sampling sites.ConclusionsOur results suggest low prevalence water-borne pathogens (specifically Bacteroides) this area. However, widespread coliforms, Bacteroides, highlight importance purifying before consumption. Specific waters remain unknown could derive from wild or domesticated animals inhabit visit Wilderness. Hence, although by appears minimal, indirectly influence animals. Human contaminants. waters. Total Our